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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Functional_testing_(manufacturing)" title="Functional testing (manufacturing)">Functional testing (manufacturing)</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li>
<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>
<li><a href="Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li>
<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li>
<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li>
<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li>
<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li>
<li><a href="Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li>
<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li>
<li><a href="Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li>
<li><a href="Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li>
<li><a href="Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li>
<li><a href="Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li>
<li><a href="Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li>
<li><a href="Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li>
<li><a href="Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>
<li><a href="SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li>
<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li>
<li><a href="Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li>
<li><a href="Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li>
<li><a href="User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li>
<li><a href="Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li>
<li><a href="Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li>
<li><a href="Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li>
<li><a href="Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li>
<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li>
<li><a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li>
<li><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li>
<li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li>
<li><a href="Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li>
<li><a href="Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li>
<li><a href="Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li>
<li><a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li>
<li><a href="IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li>
<li><a href="ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li>
<li><a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<p>In <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, <b>functional testing</b> is a form of <a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> that verifies whether a system meets its <a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">functional requirements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO24765_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO24765-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Generally, functional testing is <a href="Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">black-box</a>, meaning the internal program structure is ignored (unlike for <a href="White-box_testing" title="White-box testing">white-box testing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-KanerFalkNguyen1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KanerFalkNguyen1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sometimes, functional testing is a <a href="Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> (QA) process.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasad_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As a form of <a href="System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a>, functional testing tests slices of functionality of the whole system.
Despite similar naming, functional testing is not testing the code of a single <a href="Function_(computer_programming)" title="Function (computer programming)">function</a>.
</p><p>The concept of incorporating testing earlier in the delivery cycle is not restricted to functional testing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>
<p>Functional testing includes but is not limited to:<sup id="cite_ref-KanerFalkNguyen1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KanerFalkNguyen1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Sanity_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanity testing">Sanity testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Smoke_testing_(software)" title="Smoke testing (software)">Smoke testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Six_steps">Six steps</h2></div>
<p>Functional testing typically involves six steps
</p>
<ol><li>The identification of functions that the software is expected to perform</li>
<li>The creation of input data based on the function's specifications</li>
<li>The determination of output based on the function's specifications</li>
<li>The execution of the test case</li>
<li>The comparison of actual and expected outputs</li>
<li>To check whether the application works as per the customer need</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="Non-functional_testing" title="Non-functional testing">Non-functional testing</a> – Testing the qualities as opposed to the correctness of software</li>
<li><a href="Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a> – Test to determine if the requirements of a specification or contract are met</li>
<li><a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a> – Checking whether changes to software have broken functionality that used to work</li>
<li><a href="System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a> – Testing conducted on a complete software system</li>
<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a> – Checking software against a standard</li>
<li><a href="Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a> – Type of software testing</li>
<li><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> – Validating the behavior of isolated source code</li>
<li><a href="Database_testing" title="Database testing">Database testing</a> – The testing of database software systems</li>
<li><a href="Security_testing" title="Security testing">Security testing</a> – The process of finding flaws in the security of information systems</li>
<li><a href="Load_testing" title="Load testing">Load testing</a> – Process of putting demand on a system and measuring its response</li>
<li><a href="Test_automation" title="Test automation">Test automation</a> – Use of purpose-built software to control test execution</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-ISO24765-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO24765_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017, "Systems and software engineering — Vocabulary", International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Systems and software engineering</i>. ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2010(E). 2010. pp. vol., no., pp.1–418, 15 Dec. 2010.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KanerFalkNguyen1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KanerFalkNguyen1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KanerFalkNguyen1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaner, Falk, Nguyen. <i>Testing Computer Software</i>. Wiley Computer Publishing, 1999, p. 42. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-35846-0</bdi>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Prasad-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prasad, Dr. K.V.K.K. (2008) <i>ISTQB Certification Study Guide</i>, Wiley, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-7722-711-6</bdi>, p. vi</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/en-us/insights/books/full-stack-testing">"Full Stack Testing"</a>. <i>www.thoughtworks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-08</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p><br>
</p>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_testing107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_testing107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li>
<li><a href="System_integration_testing" title="System integration testing">System integration testing</a></li>
<li><a href="System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test types,<br>techniques,<br><a href="Software_testing_tactics" title="Software testing tactics">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="A/B_testing" title="A/B testing">A/B testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">Benchmark</a></li>
<li><a href="Compatibility_testing" title="Compatibility testing">Compatibility testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Concolic_testing" title="Concolic testing">Concolic testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Concurrent_testing" title="Concurrent testing">Concurrent testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuous_testing" title="Continuous testing">Continuous testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Development_testing" title="Development testing">Development testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Differential_testing" title="Differential testing">Differential testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_program_analysis" title="Dynamic program analysis">Dynamic program analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Installation_testing" title="Installation testing">Installation testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Negative_testing" title="Negative testing">Negative testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Random_testing" title="Random testing">Random testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Security_testing" title="Security testing">Security testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Smoke_testing_(software)" title="Smoke testing (software)">Smoke testing (software)</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Software performance testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">Stress testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic_execution" title="Symbolic execution">Symbolic execution</a></li>
<li><a href="Test_automation" title="Test automation">Test automation</a></li>
<li><a href="Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">[x]-box<br>style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a>
<ul><li><a href="All-pairs_testing" title="All-pairs testing">All-pairs testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Exploratory_testing" title="Exploratory testing">Exploratory testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fuzz_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz testing">Fuzz testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Scenario_testing" title="Scenario testing">Scenario testing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Grey-box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-box testing">Grey-box testing</a></li>
<li><a href="White-box_testing" title="White-box testing">White-box testing</a>
<ul><li><a href="API_testing" title="API testing">API testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Mutation_testing" title="Mutation testing">Mutation testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Static_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static testing">Static testing</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Graphical_user_interface_testing" title="Graphical user interface testing">Graphical user interface testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Manual_testing" title="Manual testing">Manual testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Orthogonal_array_testing" title="Orthogonal array testing">Orthogonal array testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Pair_testing" title="Pair testing">Pair testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Soak_testing" title="Soak testing">Soak testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_reliability_testing" title="Software reliability testing">Software reliability testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">Stress testing</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_testing" title="Web testing">Web testing</a></li></ul>
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